Among the notable appointments is Ajay Narayan Jha, former Expenditure Secretary and a familiar face from the Fifteenth Finance Commission chaired by………………. His reappointment brings a wealth of experience and insight to the commission’s endeavors. Joining him are Annie George Mathew, former Special Secretary in the Expenditure Department of the Finance Ministry, and Niranjan Rajadhyaksha, a noted economist and Executive Director at policy think tank Artha Global. Soumya Kanti Ghosh, Group Chief Economic Adviser at State Bank of India, has also been included as a part-time member.

1. Who is the Chairman of 16th Finance commission?

A. Arvind Panagariya

B. N K Singh

C. Raghuram Rajan

D. Nirmala Seetharaman

2. What is the period for implementation of 16th Finance commission?

A. 2025-2030

B. 2024-2026

C. 2026-2031

D. To be decided later

3. Who was the chairman of First Finance Commission?

A. M C Setalvad

B. Lokenath Mishra

C. G V Mavlankar

D. K . C. Neogy

4. Who appoints the Finance Commission and under which article?

A. President under Art 275

B. President under Art 280

C. PM under Art 275

D. PM under Art 280

5. Which of the following is true?

A. States have a separate Finance commission under the constitution

B. Finance Commission decides the amount of money given to each state under MNREGA

C. Finance Commission is a statutory body

D. The chairman of Finance Commission can only be a retired IAS

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This recognition reflects a commitment to fostering greater understanding and appreciation of …………. rich heritage within the Indian educational framework. …………….. was the first language in India to be accorded classical language status in 2004. …………………….. are the other languages that have been declared classical languages in India by the central government.

1. Which language has not been included as one of the nine classical languages in India under the New Education Policy?
   A) Tamil
   B) Farsi (Persian)
   C) Sanskrit
   D) Bangla
2. Which language was the first to be accorded classical language status in India in 2004?
   A) Sanskrit
   B) Tamil
   C) Kannada
   D) Hindi
3. Which article in Constitution describes Hindi as the Official Language of India?
   A) 343
   B) 19
   C) 351
   D) 370
4. Which Schedule of the constitution has languages mentioned, and how many?
   A) 8th and 22
   B) 7th and 29
   C) 8th and 23
   D) 9th and 23

Answers

1. D

2. B

3. A

4. A

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Advocates of renewable energy assert that harnessing the power of sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectricity is a logical step towards a more sustainable future. They point to the finite nature of fossil fuels and the environmental consequences of their extraction and combustion, including air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The argument is strengthened by the declining costs of renewable technologies, making them increasingly competitive with conventional energy sources.

To reinforce the case for renewables, one can cite countries that have successfully implemented large-scale renewable energy projects, experiencing significant reductions in carbon emissions. For instance, Denmark has become a global leader in wind energy, with wind turbines supplying a substantial portion of its electricity. This practical application not only validates the feasibility of renewable energy but also underscores its potential to reshape national energy landscapes.

However, skeptics counter these arguments by highlighting the intermittent nature of renewable sources. The intermittency and variability of solar and wind energy production, for instance, pose challenges to ensuring a consistent power supply. Critics also argue that the initial investment required for transitioning to renewable energy infrastructure is substantial, potentially diverting resources from other pressing issues.

To strengthen the argument in favor of renewables, it’s crucial to emphasize ongoing advancements in energy storage technologies. Innovations like high-capacity batteries and smart grids address the intermittency issue by storing excess energy during peak production periods for use during low-production periods. This not only enhances the reliability of renewable energy but also positions it as a viable solution for achieving energy security.

Moreover, proponents stress the economic benefits associated with renewable energy adoption. The renewable energy sector has witnessed rapid job growth, providing employment opportunities and stimulating economic development. Countries investing in renewable technologies are not only reducing their carbon footprint but also positioning themselves as leaders in a burgeoning industry with global economic implications.

In conclusion, the debate surrounding renewable energy’s viability is complex, with arguments on both sides requiring careful consideration. Strengthening the case for renewables involves citing successful applications, emphasizing technological advancements, and highlighting economic advantages. Ultimately, striking a balance between environmental responsibility and economic feasibility is imperative for steering the global energy landscape toward a sustainable and resilient future.

1. How can a country heavily reliant on fossil fuels effectively apply the argument in favor of renewable energy to positively impact both the environment and the economy?

A) By increasing subsidies for fossil fuel industries

B) By implementing large-scale renewable energy projects

C) By maintaining the status quo in energy policies

D) By focusing solely on the economic costs of renewable energy adoption

2. What makes the case for renewable energy a strong argument in the passage?

A) The claim that renewable energy is the only viable solution

B) The emphasis on the declining costs of renewable technologies

C) The dismissal of the intermittency issue associated with renewable sources

D) The assertion that skeptics are entirely wrong in their assessment

3. What aspect weakens the skeptics’ argument against renewable energy in the passage?

A) The emphasis on the intermittent nature of renewable sources

B) The assertion that the initial investment for renewable infrastructure is substantial

C) The argument that transitioning to renewable energy diverts resources from other pressing issues

D) The claim that renewable energy has no environmental benefits

4. If advancements in energy storage technologies successfully address the intermittency issue, how might it impact the skeptics’ conclusion about renewable energy?

A) It would strengthen their argument against renewable energy

B) It would have no impact on their conclusion

C) It would weaken their argument against renewable energy

D) It would change their focus to other technical limitations

5. How does the passage suggest achieving a balance between environmental responsibility and economic feasibility in the context of renewable energy?

A) By prioritizing economic feasibility over environmental responsibility

B) By focusing solely on the economic benefits of renewable energy adoption

C) By acknowledging the complexity of the debate and considering both environmental and economic aspects

D) By dismissing economic considerations and solely emphasizing environmental responsibility

Answers:

1. B) By implementing large-scale renewable energy projects
2. B) The emphasis on the declining costs of renewable technologies
3. C) The argument that transitioning to renewable energy diverts resources from other pressing issues
4. C) It would weaken their argument against renewable energy
5. C) By acknowledging the complexity of the debate and considering both environmental and economic aspects

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 In a matter that many thought would decide the survival of the CM…………….., the Speaker has ruled that there was no case to disqualify members of the ………………. faction, or 14 members in the ………………….. group. The ruling is based mainly on the finding that loyalists of ………………. the Chief Minister now, constituted the ‘real political party’.

1. The speaker of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly is?

A) Rahul Narlikar

B) Rahul Narvekar

C) Sanjay Narvekar

d) Sanjay Nimbalkar

2. The 2 factions of Shiv Sena are headed by?

A) Eknath Shinde and Sanjay Nirupam

B) Eknath Shinde and Ajit Pawar

C) Eknath Shinde and Uddhav Thackeray

D) Eknath Shinde and Raj Thackeray

3. What is the minimum percentage of legislators required to form a breakaway group without inviting penalties under the anti-defection law?

A) 10%

B) 33%

C) 50%

D) 66%

4. The anti-defection law was introduced through which constitutional amendment?

A) 42nd Amendment

B) 52nd Amendment

C) 44th Amendment

D) 61st Amendment

5. Which authority is responsible for making decisions regarding disqualification under the anti-defection law?

A) The President of India

B) The Speaker/Chairman of the respective House

C) The Supreme Court of India

D) The Election Commission of India

6. Which landmark judgment is related to anti-defection law?

A) Kihoto Hollohan

B) S. R. Bommai

C) Kesavanand Bharati

D) R. C. Cooper

Answers :

1. B

2. C

3. D

4. B

5. B

6. A

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The advent of AI has been a double-edged sword. On one flank, it promises unparalleled efficiency, the ability to parse through and analyze vast troves of data, and the automation of mundane, repetitive tasks. This, in turn, can liberate the human intellect to pursue more creative and strategic pursuits, fostering an environment where human ingenuity is used to its fullest potential. Jobs that require a high degree of creativity, emotional intelligence, and strategic thinking are likely to see a surge, as these remain domains where human capabilities distinctly outshine algorithmic computations.

On the other flank, however, lurks the specter of significant job displacement. As AI systems become increasingly sophisticated, they will inevitably encroach upon and excel in tasks that have traditionally been the preserve of humans. This is not just limited to menial or routine jobs; even roles that require complex decision-making are not immune to AI’s reach. The result is a potential upheaval in the job market, with certain skill sets becoming obsolete, forcing a swath of the workforce to reorient and retrain themselves in an AI-dominated landscape.

The next decade is likely to see a polarizing effect on employment due to AI. High-skill individuals may find their value augmented by AI, as they leverage these advancements to enhance their productivity and creative output. Conversely, workers with skills that AI can replicate or surpass may find themselves on precarious ground, necessitating a fundamental reevaluation of their role in a rapidly evolving job market. The necessity of lifelong learning and adaptability becomes paramount, as the half-life of skills shortens in the face of relentless technological progression.

Moreover, the integration of AI into the workforce raises pertinent questions about economic disparities and access to employment opportunities. The risk of a widened gap between the “AI-haves” and “AI-have-nots” is palpable, potentially exacerbating existing socioeconomic disparities. This necessitates thoughtful policy interventions aimed at ensuring that the benefits of AI are equitably distributed and that the transition towards an AI-centric workforce does not leave segments of the population disenfranchised.

The AI revolution will likely catalyze a significant restructuring of the job market, demanding a reconfiguration of skills, roles, and economic policies. Navigating this transformation will require a concerted effort from all stakeholders – governments, educational institutions, businesses, and individuals. It is imperative that we brace for this change, not with trepidation, but with a resolve to harness AI’s potential for the greater good, ensuring that its ascent serves to uplift, rather than destabilize, the fabric of our employment landscape.

Questions

1. According to the passage, what is a potential positive outcome of the advancement of AI in the workforce?

a) The complete automation of all jobs

b) Increased efficiency and liberation of human intellect for creative tasks

c) The reduction in the need for human employment

d) The ability of AI to completely replace human emotional intelligence

2. What does the passage imply about low-skill jobs in the era of AI?

a) They will become more valuable and sought after

b) They are at risk of being replaced by AI

c) They will remain unchanged

d) They will be the only jobs available to humans

3. The passage suggests that the integration of AI in the workforce will necessitate:

a) The abandonment of all traditional jobs

b) A fundamental reevaluation of certain roles and the necessity for retraining

c) The complete dependency on AI for all creative work

d) The refusal to adopt AI in certain sectors

4. What concern does the passage raise about the socio-economic impact of AI?

 a) The inevitable decline in global economies

b) The possibility of widening the gap between different segments of society

c) The uniform benefit of AI across all socio-economic classes

d) The increase of economic disparities

5. What does the term “AI-haves” and “AI-have-nots” in the passage refer to?

a) Different types of AI technologies

b) Segments of the population with or without access to AI enhancements

c) Government policies on AI

d) Companies that produce AI versus those that do not

6. What does the phrase “inexorable march” (as used in the passage) mean?

a) A celebratory parade

b) A slow and steady progression

c) An unstoppable advance

d) A strategic retreat

Answers

1-b, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b, 5-b, 6-c

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One of the proposed bills, the …………………, is aimed at comprehensively replacing the IPC and marks a significant reform in the Indian Criminal Justice System. Its key features include the repeal of the sedition law, provisions focused on the protection of women and children, streamlining justice processes for victims of crime, and enhancing judicial independence. The bill is structured into ……………

Questions (MCQs):

1. Who announced the withdrawal of three criminal codes in the Lok Sabha?
   1. A) Narendra Modi
   1. B) Amit Shah
   1. C) Ashvini Vaishnav
   1. D) Rajnath Singh
2. Which bill aims to replace the Indian Evidence Act of 1872?
   1. A) Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023
   1. B) Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) Bill, 2023
   1. C) Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023
   1. D) None of the above
3. The Indian Penal Code (IPC) was established in which year?
   1. A) 1872
   1. B) 1833
   1. C) 1860
   1. D) 1973
4. What is the proposed structure of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill, 2023?
   1. A) 12 chapters with 245 sections
   1. B) 19 chapters with 356 sections
   1. C) 8 chapters with 180 sections
   1. D) 15 chapters with 300 sections
5. Who was the head of first Law Commission?
   1. A) Lord Cornwallis
   1. B) B R Ambedkar
   1. C) Lord Bentick
   1. D) Lord Macaulay

Answers

1. A

2. C

3. C

4. B

5. D

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In the CLAT 2025 English section will command about 20% of the marks. In fact, proficiency in English would be key to about 65% of the marks as we discussed in a previous post. With a proper preparation, it shouldn’t be very difficult to get 20+ marks in English section. As an added advantage, this preparation will help you with Legal and Logical too.

So, what should you read to get that advantage? First let us discuss the syllabus given by the Consortium on its website.

Syllabus of English for CLAT 2025

In this section of the UG-CLAT 2024, you will be provided passages of about 450 words each. These passages will be derived from contemporary or historically significant fiction and non-fiction writing, and would be of a standard that a 12th standard student may be able to read in about 5-7 minutes.

Each passage will be followed by a series of questions that will require you to demonstrate your comprehension and language skills, including your abilities to:

• Read and comprehend the main point discussed in the passage, as well as any arguments and viewpoints discussed or set out in the passage;
• Draw inferences and conclusions based on the passage;
• Summarise the passage;
• Compare and contrast the different arguments or viewpoints set out in the passage; and
• Understand the meaning of various words and phrases in the context that they are used in the passage.

So what exactly do we have to do to master this section? Let us first see the parts that make up this section.

Skills required to ace English in CLAT 2025

If you see the syllabus above and analyse, you will see that there are essentially 4 different skills required to ace English in CLAT 2025: –

1. First, you should have a good reading speed. That is a non-negotiable skill for CLAT. A speed of at least 150 words per minute is desirable.
2. Second, you should be able to comprehend and summarize the main points.
3. Third, you need to have a good vocabulary. They do ask meanings of words and phrases and you should be well prepared for that.
4. Fourth, you need to have good command over grammar. Although, they have not asked grammar questions till now, but they might in upcoming exams. Plus, this might help you in OLETs.

Proven strategies to ace English section in CLAT 2025

As I mentioned earlier, you can take some actions to improve your score in English section of CLAT. So, what are those strategies? Let us go according to the skills discussed above.

Improving reading speed

This is perhaps the most important thing you could do to increase your chances of selection in CLAT. How to do it ? I have some practical and effective tips below : –

• Firstly, you need to STOP VOCALISING while reading. Most students speak while they read. This limits the reading speed to your speed of speech! In reality, you can read much faster. This is one of the biggest steps you can take to improve reading speed, that too almost instantaneously.
• Secondly, USE A PEN/PENCIL/FINGER to point where you are reading. This serves two purposes. First, you read more closely. Secondly, you are less likely to get lost and drown in a lot of text.
• Thirdly, PRACTICE reading as much as you can. Do this every day, and vary your subjects. Newspaper provides you an opportunity to read various kinds of texts. Use that. If you read books, even better. In fact, I would provide a list of books if required. Connect with me on this whatsapp group(click here).
• Lastly, measure your progress. Measure your speed before you do any of the above. Then measure afterwards every week. You will see tremendous improvement from the first day itself.

Improving Comprehension

Comprehension means you understand the topic correctly and may be able to summarize its main points. Without it, your English section in CLAT 2025 is not getting solved! Sometimes, increase in reading speed impacts comprehension/ However, there are ways in which you can improve this skill: –

• Firstly, you need to read actively. What does that mean? You are aware of the basic questions : what, when, why, where, who, how etc. Use these questions to engage with the passage so that it makes sense to you.
• Secondly, underline wherever you get answers to above questions, underline in your question paper. That helps because now you do not have to reread after reading question!
• Thirdly, practice a variety of questions. Did I tell you that we provide daily CLAT practice passages on our whatsapp group(click here)?

Improving vocabulary

There are direct questions from vocabulary in the CLAT exam. Sometimes, they ask about phrases and their contextual meaning. To improve this aspect:-

• Firstly, get a book called Word Power Made Easy. That would help you not only for CLAT, but for any future exams that requires English. I read this book a decade ago and have recommended the same to hundreds of students over the years. Do this book religiously.
• Secondly, DO NOT do any flash cards or apps or anything. If you do step 1, you will know why.
• Thirdly, read a lot. Read fiction or non-fiction, but you will inevitably encounter some new words and phrases. Look them up. Do not note down in a copy. As you come across that same word again and again, you will automatically remember it.

Improving Grammar

To be honest, this is not much important for CLAT exam. But it can’t hurt to know grammar. I have a single point solution here : Get Wren and Martin and do that once. That should be sufficient.

Cheat Codes

Now, sometimes despite our best efforts the exam day is hard. Paper might be tough and we might need some help. So below are some tips in case you face issues during English section of CLAT: –

• The conclusion is usually found in the last or second last para of the passage. So, if you are in a hurry, start there to find the conclusion. Usually works around 70% of the times. Sometimes, it is in the first or second lines of the passage. So, keep that in mind.
• If you are very short on time and have to choose which questions to attempt, try attempting those related to vocabulary and meaning of phrases. Those usually do not need the reading of passage and thus can be done quickly.

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The post CLAT 2025 English section: Proven Strategies to Maximize Your Score appeared first on ForumCLAT Academy.

What are your odds for CLAT 2025?

Now, that shameless self-promotion is out of the way, let us start in earnest. CLAT is one of the easiest exams, if you compare with JEE or NEET. I mean, the competition is far less. CLAT UG sees only around 70-80k students appearing for 2500+ seats in NLUs.

Only about 8-10k of those students prepare with any serious intent. So, as soon as you get serious, you have a 1 in 4 chance of getting an NLU and 1 in 3 chance of getting a decent college. I personally like these odds!

What do you mean “be serious”?

But to get there, you have to be serious. And what does that exactly mean? Some of you might be in your 11th class. For you getting serious means to start reading a bit more(English novels, books etc of any kind) , doing a passage daily, perhaps a mock test every 2-3 weeks and reading newspaper once a week or so. That’s it. Continue doing this for 1 year and you are prepared to take the next step.

For those newly in class 12, and yet to write CLAT, it might mean a more regular reading of newspaper(perhaps 3-4 days a week), doing monthly GK compendiums, understanding the basics of legal and constitutional knowledge, doing at least one passage daily, and a bit more regularity in mock tests, say once every week. Of course, you need to balance this with your boards, but I am confident you can do this. This will of course need a turbo-charged study in last 2 months before CLAT, to iron out the chinks, to perfect your strategy, and to practice way more.

For those who have written CLAT and are planning a drop after 12th, it would mean focusing on your weaknesses, being very religious about GK, practicing passages and mocks will become more important. YOU CAN’T SCREW THIS UP! Getting a mentor to help you out with strategy and other issues would be a wise course of action. In short, you must devote about 6-7 hours daily to CLAT 2025.

Th bottom-line for everyone is – START EARLY! In fact, start today. Let me know if you need any help. Use our daily passages, weekly GK compendiums and our free monthly mocks for your study, all of them FREE. Join our whatsapp group to get all those things and to interact with us.

CLAT 2025 : Syllabus and pattern

he undergraduate Common Law Admission Test (UG-CLAT) for the year 2024 is designed as a concise 2-hour examination. It comprises 120 multiple-choice questions, each carrying 1 mark. Notably, a penalty of 0.25 marks is enforced for each incorrect response. These questions span across five subjects, namely:

1. English Language
2. Current Affairs, encompassing General Knowledge
3. Legal Reasoning
4. Logical Reasoning
5. Quantitative Techniques

CLAT, since 2024 exam, has 120 questions in 5 sections. So, for CLAT 2025, you can expect the same pattern to continue. Please understand that the number of questions in each section can vary each year in the given range : –

• Current Affairs, including General Knowledge : 28-32 questions, or roughly 25% of the paper
• English Language : 22-26 questions, or roughly 20% of the paper
• Legal Reasoning : 28-32 questions, or roughly 25% of the paper
• Logical Reasoning : 22-26 questions, or roughly 20% of the paper
• Quantitative Techniques : 10-14 questions, or roughly 10% of the paper

CLAT 2025 : What exactly do you need to study ?

English Language Section for CLAT 2025

Within the UG-CLAT 2024, this segment presents passages of approximately 450 words each. These passages are sourced from contemporary or historically significant fiction and non-fiction writings, maintaining a standard comprehensible by a 12th-grade student within a 5-7 minute reading timeframe.

Following each passage, a series of questions will gauge your abilities to:

• Grasp the main idea and arguments presented.
• Infer and draw conclusions from the text.
• Summarize the passage effectively.
• Compare and contrast different viewpoints or arguments.
• Comprehend the contextual meaning of words and phrases.

Current Affairs and General Knowledge for CLAT 2025

This section offers passages of up to 450 words, drawn from news, journalistic sources, and other non-fiction writings. Questions cover various aspects of current affairs and general knowledge:

• Significant contemporary events from India and the world.
• Arts, culture, and international affairs.
• Historical events of enduring importance.

Legal Reasoning for CLAT 2025

Expect passages of about 450 words in this section, dealing with legal matters, public policy, or moral philosophical inquiries. No prior legal knowledge is required. Questions will focus on:

• Identifying rules and principles within the passage.
• Applying these to different scenarios.
• Understanding how changes in rules impact their application.

Logical Reasoning for CLAT 2025

Featuring short passages of roughly 450 words, this section assesses your ability to:

• Recognize and analyze arguments.
• Critically assess reasoning patterns.
• Infer and apply conclusions to new scenarios.
• Identify relationships, contradictions, and the strength of arguments.

Quantitative Techniques for CLAT 2025

This segment includes sets of facts or numerical information, followed by questions. Tasks involve:

• Deriving and manipulating numerical data.
• Applying basic mathematical operations from 10th-grade syllabus, including ratios, proportions, algebra, mensuration, and statistical estimation.

Roadmap to CLAT success

Well, this means you now have all the tools to prepare your roadmap to success in CLAT 2025 exam. What exactly are the qualities the consortium wants from you ?

• You should be able to read English text fast enough. That is critical in at least 3 of the sections(English, Legal, and Logical) with about 65% of the marks! About 13000 words were there in CLAT 2024. In 2 hours, you had to read, understand and attempt(darken the circles in OMR) the paper. That requires about 150 words per minute of reading speed to do properly. In CLAT 2024, many students were unable to attempt the all paper, specially because you had to read GK section too.
• You should be aware of some static GK and current affairs. That is 25% of the paper but unfortunately requires much more work. You need to follow all the major current affairs over the year along with their minor details.
• You should be good with basic maths, which consists of 10% of the paper. It might look unimportant and many students do ignore it, but it is the section which can get you a massive edge. This section can be easily attempted with 90-100% accuracy and is critical if you want to get into the top NLUs.

CLAT 2025 : how to follow the roadmap

Now that we know what is required, we know how to take action to achieve out targets. Did I tell you that I was so confident of my performance in CLAT 2024 that I wrote on social media that I was going to get an under 50 rank? I did so while I was engaged in teaching fulltime and also got time to attend my domestic duties towards my family.

But then, I already had a good reading speed. I was well versed in GK and current affairs as I was teaching UPSC students. I was already good in basic maths since I was a kid. So, I had to do only 1 thing : attempt a few mocks and finetune my strategy and time management.

Thus, your roadmap will be your own! Now these are the steps you should follow : –

• Do a SWOT analysis to understand what your weaknesses are.
• If you lack in any of the 3 qualities, take steps to correct that.
• Refine your techniques and strategy, using mock tests and taking help of your mentor.

Soon, we shall have separate detailed posts on the issues mentioned in the post. I hope you liked the information mentioned here. Do join the whatsapp group to stay updated.

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